Double Bottom Structure
An inner bottom or tank top may be provided at a minimum height above the bottom shell, and maintained watertight to the bilges. This provides a considerable margin of safety, since in the event of bottom shell damage only the double bottom space may be flooded. The space is not wasted but utilized to carry oil fuel and fresh water required for the ship, as well as providing ballast capacity.
Balance Piston
U is desirable to have additional axial-load control on the multistage compressor. A balance piston, also referred to as the balance drum, can be located at the discharge end. The balance piston consists of a rotating element that has a specified diameter and an extended rim for sealing. The area adjacent to the balance piston opposite the last stage location is vented, normally to suction pressure.
Batch and Continuous Extraction Modes
One means of classifying extractions is based on the mode of operation, batch or continuous and static or dynamic. The terms batch and continuous refer to how the sample feed is placed into the system. In batch extraction processes the entire material to be extracted is loaded into the extraction device. In the case of continuous extractions the feed is continuously introduced into the extraction device. Static and dynamic describe the exposure of the two phases.
Checking crownwheel and pinion tooth contact
Prepare crownwheel for examining tooth contact marks Fig. 7.8 After setting the correct backlash, the crownwheel and pinion tooth alignment should be checked for optimum contact. This may be achieved by applying a marking cream such as Prussian blue, red lead, chrome yellow, red or yellow ochre etc. to three evenly spaced groups of about six teeth round the crownwheel on both drive coast sides of the teeth profiles.
Shipyard Layout
Most shipyards are well established and were originally sited in a suitable location for building small ships with methods which have now been superseded. With the growth in ship sizes and the introduction of new building methods it has been recognized that a revised shipyard layout will be advantageous. Advantages to be gained, apart from the ability to construct larger vessels, are primarily, a uniform work load, a shorter ship build cycle, and economies in construction practices. These are...
Shear forces and bending moments of ships
The shear force and bending moment at any section in a ship may be determined from load curve. It has already been shown that the shearing force at any section in a girder is the algebraic sum of the loads acting on either side of the section and that the bending moment acting at any section of the girder is the algebraic sum of the moments acting on either side of the section. It has also been shown that the shearing force at any section is equal to the area under the load curve from one end...
The Context Of A Process
The context of a process consists of the contents of its (user) address space and the contents of hardware registers and kernel data structures that relate to the process. Formally, the context of a process is the union of its user-level context, register context, and system-level context.1 The user-level context consists of the process text, data, user stack, and shared memory that occupy the virtual address space of the process.
Freeboard Computation
Basic freeboards are given in the rules which are dependent on the length and type of vessel. Ships are divided into types 'A' and 'B'. Type 'A' ships are those which are designed to carry only liquid cargoes in bulk, and in which the cargo tanks have only small access openings closed by watertight gasketed covers of steel or equivalent material. These vessels benefit from the minimum assignable freeboard. All ships which do not come within the provisions regarding Type 'A' ships are considered...
33 Basic Components Of An Energy Audit
An initial summary of the basic steps involved in conducting a successful energy audit is provided here, and these steps are explained more fully in the sections that follow. This audit description primarily addresses the steps in an industrial or large-scale commercial audit, and not all of the procedures described in this section are required for every type of audit. The audit process starts by collecting information about a facility's operation and about its past record of utility bills....
Detritus Tanks
Detritus tanks remove a mixture of grit and organic matter. The width and shape of the grit chamber are not critical with this design, but the surface area (which relates to settling velocity) is. The area requirements are proportional to the settling velocity of the grit particle and to the waste-water flow rate. The settled grit is conveyed to a common collection sump. A raking or conveying mechanism washes and removes the grit from the chamber in a clean and drained condition, and the...
Melting and pouring the babbitt
CASUALLY watching, a workman pouring babbitt metal into the bearing shell does not impress the observer as requiring any skill on the part of the operator. Neither does this operation seem to be such as to require any special attention or careful supervision. However, this impression is misleading,, for to produce reliable and dependable babbitted bearings, many little details, must be thoroughly mastered. Melting Babbitting outfits vary from an old kettle heated on the blacksmith forge, to a...
Recommendations on metacentric height
Ideally, the stability should be assessed using the complete righting arm curve, but since it is impossible to calculate righting arm curves without the outline design, more easily determined GM values are given as a function of the ship type, Table 1.4. If a vessel has a GM value corresponding well to its type, it can normally be assumed (in the early design stages) that the righting arm curve will meet the requirements. Table 1.4 Standard GM for 'outward journey', fully loaded Table 1.4...
Lloyd's Register Classification
All ships classed by Lloyd's Register of Shipping are assigned one or more character symbols. The majority of ships are assigned the characters 100A1 or 100A1. The character figure 100 is assigned to all ships considered suitable for sea-going service. The character letter A is assigned to all ships which are built in accordance with or accepted into class as complying with the Society's Rules and Regulations.
How Scented Flameless Candles Work
The convenience flameless candles offers, especially scented flameless candles, makes it easier for us to go on with other activities of our daily lives. But for the inquisitive mind, a question arises as to how exactly scented flameless candles work. Is the technology behind these unique candles complicated Do scented flameless candles contain little machines trapped inside each candle Can the technology of scented flameless candles be replicated Anatomy of scented flameless candles From afar...
Schwedler Dome Horizontal Polygonal Rings
A Schwedler dome also consists of meridional ribs connected together to a number of horizontal polygonal rings to stiffen the resulting structure so that it will be able to take unsymmetrical loads (Figure 24.14b). Each trapezium formed by intersecting meridional ribs with horizontal rings is subdivided into two triangles by a diagonal member. Sometimes the trapezium may also be subdivided by two cross-diagonal members. This type of dome was introduced by a German engineer J.W. Schwedler in...
A CupandBob Couette Viscometer
As the name implies, the cup-and-bob viscometer consists of two concentric cylinders, the outer cup and the inner bob, with the test fluid in the annular gap (see Fig. 3-2). One cylinder (preferably the cup) is rotated at a fixed angular velocity (Q). The force is transmitted to the sample, causing it to deform, and is then transferred by the fluid to the other cylinder (i.e., the bob). This force results in a torque (T) that can be measured by a torsion spring, for example. Thus, the known...
Minimum Design Metal Temperature MDMT
This MDMT procedure is used to determine the lowest permissible temperature for which charpy impact testing is or is not required. The ASME Code requires this be determined for every pressure vessel and the MDMT be stamped on the nameplate. While every pressure vessel has its own unique MDMT, this may or may not be the MDMT that is stamped on the nameplate.
How To Build A Mini Catapult
A catapult is a war machine used to fling a kind of projectile. Mini catapults are great toys which are very fun to play with. The easiest and simplest one that you can possibly make only involves a spoon. The only thing you need to do is leverage it using your hands. Another type of mini catapult can also be created by you, the type which is more fun when used and one which looks even more interesting.
Piston Rod Runout
Piston rod runout is a measure of how well the cylinder is lined up with the frame and, also, how well the internals of the compressor piston, rod, crosshead are lined up with each other and the frame and cylinder combination. This runout is checked and adjusted with all parts cold the ambient temperature should be in the 60 -68 F range. Prior to performing runout measurements, cylinder and support, cylinder frame head, and doghouse nuts should be properly set or torqued. Oil scraper and...
Wartsila
Introduced in 1992, the 200 mm bore 280 mm stroke Wartsila 20 engine (Figure 27.10) was designed primarily as a genset drive to replace the long-established Wartsila Vasa 22 but small-ship propulsion installations have also been logged. An output per cylinder of 130 kW to 165 kW was initially offered, depending on the nominal speed (720-1000 rev min), but subsequent power rises took the rating to 180 kW cylinder (end-1998) and 200 kW cylinder at 1000 rev min (2003). The rating increases were...
Steam Cracking Process
A typical ethane cracker has several identical pyrolysis furnaces in which fresh ethane feed and recycled ethane are cracked with steam as a diluent. Figure 3-12 is a block diagram for ethylene from ethane. The outlet temperature is usually in the 800 C range. The furnace effluent is quenched in a heat exchanger and further cooled by direct contact in a water quench tower where steam is condensed and recycled to the pyrolysis furnace. After the cracked gas is treated to remove acid gases,...
Criteria for the practical application of bulbous bows
Writers on the subject deal with the bulbous bow almost exclusively from the hydrodynamic point of view, ignoring overall economic considerations. The power savings of a bulbous bow should be considered in conjunction with the variability of the draught and sea conditions. The capital expenditure should also be taken into account. The total costs would then be compared with those for an equivalent ship without bulbous bow. Selection methods such as these do not yet exist. The following approach...
14211 Unit Melter
Figure 14.6 shows a schematic of a typical unit melter. The term unit melter'' is generally given to any fuel-fired glass-melting furnace that has no heat recovery device. Typically, the air fuel-fired unit melters are relatively small in size and are fired with two to 16 burners. Furnaces range in production from as large as 40 tons (36 metric tons) of glass per day to as small as 500 lb (230 kg) of glass per day. Larger air fuel unit melters are found in areas where fuel is extremely cheap....
Supersolidus Liquid Phase Sintering
Supersolidus LPS involves heating a prealloyed powder between the solidus and liquidus temperatures to form a liquid phase (Ref 28, 29). The fundamental difference between classic LPS and SLPS lies in the sequence of events leading to densification. A schematic of the stages in SLPS is shown in Fig. 7. In the first stage, liquid forms as a prealloyed powder is heated above the solidus temperature. The commonly observed liquid formation sites are the grain boundaries within a particle, the...
Equipment And Procedures For Evaluating Drilling Fluid Performance
Devising tests that will accurately describe how drilling fluids behave downhole is virtually an impossible task. Most drilling fluids are complex mixtures of interacting components, and their properties change markedly with changes in temperature, shear rate, and shear history. As they circulate through the borehole, drilling fluids are subjected to ever changing conditions turbulent flow in the drill pipe, intense shearing at the bit, and nominal laminar flow in the annulus at frequently...
Freeboard and sheer
The problems associated with freeboard include the 'distribution of freeboard' along the ship's length. The sheer produces a freeboard distribution with accentuation of the ship's ends. It is here (and particularly at the forward end) that the danger of flooding caused by trimming and pitching in rough seas is most acute. This is why the freeboard regulation allows reduction of the freeboard amidships if there is greater sheer. Conversely the sheer can be decreased or entirely omitted,...
Pipeline drying
Pipelines used to transport petrochemicals such as pro-pylene and ethylene must be dried in order for the delivered product to meet moisture specifications. Natural gas pipelines are usually dried to a lesser extent to prevent the formation of hydrates. It is not unusual for a petrochemical line to be dried to a dew point of 80 F. A typical dew point for a pro-pylene pipeline will be -70 F. A carbon dioxide pipeline might be typically dried to a 40 F dew point. The natural gas industry...
Lead compensator design one
Place wm at the modulus crossover frequency of 2 rad s and position the compensator corner frequencies an octave below, and an octave above this frequency. Set the compensator gain to unity. Hence wm 2rad s 1 T1 1 rad s 1 T2 4rad s K 1.0 < m 36.9 Fig. 6.34 Nichols chart for lead compensator, design one. Fig. 6.34 Nichols chart for lead compensator, design one. The Nichols chart for the uncompensated and compensated system (curve (a)) is shown in Figure 6.34 (see also Appendix 1,From Figure...
Relative Volatility
The key separation factor in distillation is the relative volatility, defined by eqn 1 . As the value of relative volatility increases, the easier it is for components to be separated by distillation. The number or theoretical stages required to separate two species to a desired degree is strongly dependent on the value of a. The variation of this parameter with pressure is shown in Figure 1 for the system ethane-propane. As seen, a is greater at low pressure than at high pressure. Therefore,...
Chelating Ligands
Metal chelators bound to chromatographic media fix the metal ion to a solid support, enabling the separation process to take place. They modulate the affinity and selectivity of the chromatographic matrix as well as its capacity for proteins. A relatively large number of such ligands exists in the literature, although only a subset of these have found routine use in IMAC. This discussion limits itself to the most common chelating ligands and new developments in the area. Table 2 presents a...
Ship Dimensions and Form
The hull form of a ship may be defined by a number of dimensions and terms which are often referred to during and after building the vessel. An explanation of the principal terms is given below After Perpendicular AP A perpendicular drawn to the waterline at the point where the aft side of the rudder post meets the summer load line. Where no rudder post is fitted it is taken as the centre line of the rudder stock.
10134 Inverted semielliptic spring centrally pivoted tandem axle bogie suspension
(Figs 10.94, 10.95 and 10.96) This type of tandem axle suspension has either one or two semi-elliptic springs mounted on central pivots which form part of the chassis side members. The single springs may be low (Fig. 10.94) or high (Fig. 10.95) mounted. To absorb driving and braking torque reaction, horizontally positioned torque arms are linked between the extended chassis side members and the axle casing. If progressive slipper spring ends are used (Fig. 10.95), double torque arms are...
Solid Bowl Conveyor Centrifuge
A conveyor centrifuge is used when the SS are coarse, high concentration cakes are required, solids loading is high, or classified solids recovery is required. The unit is flexible, easy to operate over a range of feed rates and concentrations, and requires little attention. The combination cylindrical-conical bowl ranges from a 6-in diameter for testing to 14 to 36 in for commercial units. Long bowls at more than a 4-to-1 length-to-diameter ratio have higher capacities and are commonly applied...
High Energy Milling
Vibratory, attrition, and large-diameter tumbler mills may be classified as high-energy ball mills and, as such, may be used effectively in solid-state or mechanical alloying processes. Figure 26 provides the capabilities of typical size reduction equipment for grinding a material of a given feed size to a desired product size, when the milling objective is comminution of a hard and or brittle metal or ceramic material. The following applications are suited to high-energy milling Flaking metal...
The Jameson Cell
The Jameson Sotation cell was invented by Professor Graeme Jameson at the University of Newcastle, Australia, in 1986. It was developed to a practical reality at Mount Isa Mines, Mount Isa, Queensland, and was licensed to MIM Holdings of Brisbane in 1989. To date, there are 187 installations worldwide, in 19 countries. The cell is used for roughing, scavenging and cleaning, and also for removing oil haze from solvent extraction liquors. The distribution by field of use is coal 37 copper 29...
Bosch type fuel pump
The most common fuel pump used on auxiliary diesel engines is the Bosch type. This is a cam operated jerk pump with a helical groove on the plunger to control the fuel cut-off and therefore the quantity of fuel delivered to the cylinder for combustion. These pumps can be arranged singly along the camshaft, with one at each cylinder position or they may be housed in a single block. Each pump unit contains a pump plunger and guide together with a spring loaded delivery valve and its seat....
End Fixity Coefficient Of Fuselage Truss
(1) Fig. 1 shows a portion of a steel tubular fuselage of a small airplane. The critical tension and compression load is shown adjacent to each truss member. Assuming and end fixity coefficient c 2 for all members, select tube sizes for all members of the truss. The minimum size to be used Is 3 4 - .035. The top and bottom longerons should be spliced at least once using telescoping sizes. The material is alloy steel Ftu s 95000 and truss is welded. (2) For the cantilever welded steel tubular...
Xanthan Gum XC Polymer
Xanthan gum is properly classed with the natural polymers, although it is actually obtained in its produced rather than in its natural form. Xanthan gum production method was developed at the Northern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois, in 1961. Jeanes et al129 present a recent review containing 49 references on xanthan. Xanthan is a water-soluble polysaccharide produced by bacterial action (genus Xanthomonas) on...
Elevator Links
Elevator link and link ear contact surface radii 9 Figure 4-18. Hook and swivel bail contact surface radii 9 Figure 4-18. Hook and swivel bail contact surface radii 9 Compliance. The manufacturer is responsible for complying with all of the provisions of the specification. Magnetic Particle Examination. All accessible surfaces of the main load carrying components of the equipment shall be examined by a magnetic particle examination method or technique conforming to the requirements...
625 Birfield joint based on the Rzeppa Principle
Alfred Hans Rzeppa pronounced sheppa , a Ford engineer in 1926, invented one of the first practical Fig. 6.33 Early Rzeppa constant velocity joint Fig. 6.33 Early Rzeppa constant velocity joint constant velocity joints which was able to transmit torque over a wide range of angles without there being any variation in the rotary motion of the output shafts. An improved version was patented by Rzeppa in 1935. This joint used six balls as intermediate members which where kept at all times in a...
Auxiliary steam turbines
Auxiliary steam turbines are used in turbo-generator sets and also for cargo pump and fan drives. Power outputs vary up to about 1.5 MW for generator sets. The single cylinder turbines can be arranged horizontally or vertically. Both condensing and back pressure turbines have been used, being designed for steam conditions ranging from about 6 bar to about 62 bar at 510 C. The layout for a closed feed system featured in Chapter 1 shows how turbo-generators and turbine driven cargo pumps are...
643 Explosives Mix Explosion in Mustang Nevada USA 1998 6431 Introduction
On 7 January 1998, at 0754, two explosions in rapid succession destroyed the Sierra Chemical Company's Kean Canyon plant east of Reno near Mustang, Nevada, U.S.A. killing four workers and injuring six others. Because of the loss of life and extensive damage, the United States Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB) sent a team to investigate the explosion in an attempt to understand the causes of this incident. The present account is a brief summary of the comprehensive CBS (1998)...
35 Computational panel methods
In Section 3.3.7, it was shown how the two-dimensional potential flow around an oval-shaped contour, the Rankine oval, could be generated by the superposition of a source and sink on the ,v axis and a uniform flow. An analogous three-dimensional flow can also be generated around a Rankine body - see Section 3.4.4 above - by using a point source and sink. Thus it can be demonstrated that the potential flow around certain bodies can be modelled by placing sources and sinks in the interior of the...
Coupling Methods For Pump Applications
Direct Coupling Pumps are frequently directly coupled to motors, and where the pump is not close-coupled, it is usually coupled by means of a flexible coupling. The use of a flexible coupling permits minor misalignment (angular and parallel) between motor and pump shafts. The use of some older style flexible or solid couplings could cause severe radial and axial loads on the motor bearings. Since the development of the flexible disk couplings, the earlier coupling designs have largely...
Pelton Wheel Failure Modes
This simplifies to since p1 p2 and z1 z2. Note that the impulse turbine obtains its energy from a reduction in the velocity head. The largest turbine head possible and therefore the largest power occurs when all of the kinetic energy available is extracted by the turbine, giving This is consistent with the maximum power condition represented by Fig. E12.7 amp . As indicated by Eq. 1, if the exit absolute velocity is not in the plane of the rotor i.e., b lt 180 ,...
Fluidization Engineering Kunii Levenspiel Solution 100
FIG. 17-13 Two-phase model according to May Chem. Eng. Prog., 55,12, 5, 49-55 (1959) and Van Deemter Chem. Eng. Sci., 13, 143-154 (1961) . U superficial velocity, Umf minimum fluidizing velocity, E axial dispersion coefficient, and Kbe mass-transfer coefficient. of two types, the two-phase model May, Chem. Eng. Prog., 55, 12, 5, 49-55 (1959) and Van Deemter, Chem. Eng. Sci., 13, 143-154 (1961) and the bubble model (Kunii and Levenspiel, Fluidization Engineering, Wiley, New York, 1969). The...
The Space Shuttle Main Engines
The space shuttle program, which began in the 1970s, dealt with a launch vehicle that was flanked by two large solid-fueled rockets. In the middle at the base were three liquid-fueled main engines, each having nearly 500,000 lb 2.2 million N thrust and propelled by hydrogen fuel and oxygen at a mixture mass ratio of 6 1 oxygen to hydrogen . Each of these space shuttle main engines SSME's has a dedicated pumping system, consisting of a low-pressure single-stage inducer-type pump for each...
342 Kirkstall doublereduction axle
An interesting and original design by the Kirkstall Forge Engineering Company of Leeds, who manufacture axles for all kinds of vehicles, is shown in Fig. 34.5. The first reduction occurs between the worm and worm wheel, the latter being fixed to the annulus member A which is carried in bearings C and D in the axle casing the second reduction is obtained from the epicyclic action of the train consisting of the annulus A and sun S, in conjunction with the concentric spur train (not epicyclic)...
Lead-rich Alloy Microscope
Fig. 32 Examples of characteristic eutectic microstructures in slowly cooled alloys, a 50Sn-50ln alloy showing globules of tin-rich intermetallic phase light in a matrix of dark indium-rich intermetallic phase. 150x. b Al-l 3Si alloy showing an acicular structure consisting of short, angular particles of silicon dark in a matrix of aluminum. 200x. cl Al-33Cu alloy showing a lamellar structure consisting of dark platelets of CuAh and light platelets of aluminum solid solution. 180x. d Mg-37Sn...
Planning product realization processes
There are too many variations in the product realization process to provide much more than an overview. Product planning is driven by two processes - the sales process and the marketing process. The sales process promotes the organization's existing products and service and attracts enquiries, thus creating a need for an enquiry conversion process to convert customer enquiries into orders or contracts. This may require a project planning process in order to provide the customer with a viable...
Apparatus
The simplest form of sublimation apparatus consists of a beaker or porcelain dish on top of which is placed an upturned watch-glass. The beaker contains the solid to be sublimed and the underside of the watch-glass provides the surface upon which the sublimed components condense (Figure 1). A perforated filter paper is commonly placed between the beaker and the watch-glass to prevent sublimate falling back into the sample. A variant upon the above system uses an upturned funnel instead of a...
Condensate Recovery Systems
As mentioned earlier, condensate recovery systems require careful engineering to assure that they are compatible with overall plant operations, that they are safe and reliable, and that they can actually achieve their energy-efficiency potential. In this section a few of the overall planning factors that should be considered are enumerated and discussed. 1. Availability of Adequate Condensate Sources. An energy audit should be performed to collect detailed information on the quantity of...
5121 Trimble GPS receiver specifications
At the top of the Trimble's GPS range is the NT300D, a 12-channel parallel GPS receiver, capable of tracking up to 12 satellites simultaneously and also containing a dual-channel differential beacon receiver. The equipment is capable of submetre accuracy derived from carrier-phase filtered L1 pseudo-range calculations. In addition, vessel velocity is obtainable from differentially corrected Doppler measurements of the L1 carrier. Position information is displayed on a backlit LCD screen in one...
311 Antidive and antisquat mechanisms
The anti-dive mechanism reduces the amount by which the front end of the vehicle dips or the tail rises when the brakes are applied. It can - in the case of brakes which are outside in the wheels - only be achieved if there are pitch poles Of and Or between the axles at the front, at the rear, or on both axles (Fig. 3.153). The anti-squat mechanism reduces the amount by which the tail drops on rear-wheel drive vehicles or the front end lifts (on front-wheel drive vehicles). It acts during...
Waukesha Engine Oil Cooler
When it is based on the brake power delivered, it is termed brake sfc (bsfc). Engine thermal fuel efficiency is the ratio of the work produced per cycle to the amount of fuel energy supplied per cycle that can be released by combustion. The fuel energy supplied that can be released by combustion is the product of the mass flow of fuel supplied to the engine and the heating value or energy intensity of the fuel. This may be expressed on a higher heating value (HHV) or lower heating value (LHV)...
2432 Braced Barrel Vaults
The braced barrel vault is composed of member elements arranged on a cylindrical surface. The basic curve is a circular segment occasionally, a parabola, ellipse or funicular line may also be used. Figure 24.12 shows the typical arrangement of a braced barrel vault. Its structural behavior depends mainly on the type and location of supports, which can be expressed as L R, where L is the distance between the supports in longitudinal direction and R is the radius of curvature of the transverse...
Pullin Cylinder
Figure 5.56 Two-stage screw-plunger injection-molding machine.128 through the barrel. However, injection-molding screws, unlike extrusion screws, end with a nonreturn valve. Once molten plastic flows over or through this valve, it cannot stream back toward the feed throat during the injection phase of the molding cycle. While the melt will flow out of an open nozzle, the nozzle is typically in contact with the mold. Thus, discharge from the nozzle is blocked by the sprue of Figure 5.57...
Nishiyama Wasserman Orientation Relationship
Little misorientation between the plates within any given sheaf. Where they touch, adjacent plates are separated by low-misorientation grain boundaries. The relative orientations of the bainitic ferrite and its parent austenite are always close to the classic KS Kurdjumov-Sachs, 1930 and NW Nishiyama-Wasserman, 1934 relationships Fig. 2.16 , although as will become evident later, they can never be exactly KS or NW. These two rational relations differ only by a relative rotation of 5.26 about...
37 Steer angle and steering ratio
References 1 and 9 deal with this area in detail. Section 4.7 covers steering kinematics. When the vehicle is moving very slowly and 'free of lateral forces', it will only corner precisely when the verticals drawn in the middle of all four wheels meet at one point - the centre of the bend M. If the rear wheels are not steered, the verticals on the two front wheels must intersect with the extension of the rear axle centre line at M Figs 3.89 and 1.69 whereby different steer angles Si and Sa,o...
Liquid Liquid Extraction Techniques
Separatory funnel techniques There are few limitations on what size or type of liquid samples can be extracted, except that the two liquid phases must be immiscible and unreactive with each other. Separ-atory funnels are available to handle samples from as small as a few millilitres to several litres. Extraction times vary from 1 to 15 min, depending on the specific requirements of the method, but equilibration is usually fast in all but the most viscous liquids. As noted in the section on...
46 Ribbed Domes
As pointed out in Art. 4.5, domes may be thin-shell, framed, or a combination. One type of framed dome consists basically of arch ribs with axes intersecting at a common point at the crown and with skewbacks, or bases, uniformly spaced along a closed horizontal curve. Often, to avoid the complexity of a joint with numerous intersecting ribs at the crown, the arch ribs are terminated along a compression ring circumscribing the crown. This construction also has the advantage of making it easy to...
Barrel Type Pump Image
FIGURE 5 Radially split or barrel type pump API 610 Type BB5 (Flowserve Corporation) FIGURE 6 Single stage, overhung, vertical inline pump with separate bearing frame API 610 Type OH3 (Flowserve Corporation) FIGURE 6 Single stage, overhung, vertical inline pump with separate bearing frame API 610 Type OH3 (Flowserve Corporation) minimum life requirements mentioned earlier, hydrodynamic bearings are required. This may result in a pump with sleeve radial and rolling element thrust bearings, or...
Sintering Mechanisms
Important contributions to sintering arise from diffusion and viscous flow. Diffusion rates increase with increasing temperature because of the increased number of vacancies that promote diffusion of substantial alloying elements. Sintering temperature must be held very close to the solidus temperature to attain full density in a reasonable time. A sintering temperature 5.5 to 11 C (10 to 20 F) above the solidus reportedly forms a small amount of liquid, which allows high-diffusion rates for...
Apparent Density
Apparent density of a metal powder, or the weight of a unit volume of loose powder expressed in grams per cubic centimeter, is one of the fundamental properties of a powder. This characteristic defines the actual volume occupied by a mass of loose powder, which directly affects processing parameters such as the design of compaction tooling and the magnitude of the press motions required to compact and densify loose powder. In most compacting operations, dies are filled by volume measure, and...
12 Philips Stirling Engines
Work on Stirling engines has been in progress since 1937 al the Research Laboratories of N. V. Philips Gloeilampenfabricken, Eindhoven, Netherlands, the large international company well known for electrical and electronic products. The work on Stirling engines, extending over 40 years, can be broken into distinct phases The initial phase, from 1937 to 1954, was primarily concerned with the establishment o new ideas and concepts about air engines and the development of small engines. The...
Synthol Fischer-tropsch Capital Cost Million
Where Wn weight fraction of products with carbon number n, and a chain growth probability, i.e., the probability that a carbon chain on the catalyst surface will grow by adding another carbon atom rather than terminating. In general, a is dependent on temperature, pressure, and catalyst composition but independent of chain length. As a increases, the average carbon number of the product also increases. When a equals 0, only methane is formed. As a approaches 1, the product becomes predominantly...
Subsurface Hydraulic Pumping System
A complete hydraulic system consists of a fluid cleaning system, a power pump (usually a triplex), surface controls, a subsurface hydraulic pump, and tubing connecting the surface power pump to the subsurface pump. (See Section 3.1 for a complete description of power pumps.) Figure 6 is a schematic drawing of a complete multiple-well hydraulic system. Because the pressurized power fluid supplies the energy needed to pump the well, the heavy sucker rod string and the heavy structure of the...
Aircraft Downwash
5.2.3 Variation of velocity in vortex flow To confirm how the velocity outside a vortex core varies with distance from the centre consider an element in a thin shell of air (Fig. 5.12). Here, flow conditions depend only on the distance from the centre and are constant all round the vortex at any given radius. The small element, which subtends the angle 86 at the centre, is circulating round the centre in steady motion under the influence of the force due to the radial pressure gradient....
Ring Type Joint
Also known simply as ring joint, the ring-type joint does not use a gasket to form a seal between connecting flanges. Instead a round metallic ring is used that rests in a deep groove cut into the flange face (see Figure 4-6). The donut-shaped ring can be oval or octagonal in design. As the bolts are tightened, the metal ring is compressed, creating a tight seal. Although it is the most expensive, the ring-type joint is considered to be the most efficient flange used in process piping systems....
Rear fuselage
The rear fuselage profile is chosen to provide a smooth, low drag shape which supports the tail surfaces and in some configurations the rear engine installation. The lower side of the profile must provide adequate clearance for aircraft to rotate on take-off as shown in Fig. 5.17. Initial flight tests will be used to demonstrate that maximum rotation angles are possible at the minimum unstick speed. In most designs the cabin layout will be arranged to extend into the rear fuselage, terminating...
12 Investigation Pyramid
It is for this reason that the scientific investigation and analysis of an accident, crime, catastrophic event, or failure is structured like a pyramid (Figure 1.1). There should be a large foundation of verifiable facts and evidence at the bottom. These facts then form the basis for analysis according to proven scientific principles. The facts and analysis, taken together, support a small number of conclusions that form the apex of the pyramid.
Tungsten Metal Powder Production
Industrially relevant tungsten-bearing minerals are Wolframite Mn, Fe WO4 , Ferberite FeWO4 , Hubnerite MnWO4 and Scheelite CaWO4 . The tungsten concentration of workable ore starts at 0.1 to 0.3 wt WO3. Concentrations of more than 2 wt are rare. The average WO3 content is usually about 0.5 wt Ref 11, 12, 13 . Depending on the mineral type, different techniques are used to concentrate the ore up to typical WO3 contents about 60 to 70 , such as gravity methods and flotation. An important...
45 Torque converter performance terminology
To understand the performance characteristics of a fluid drive (both coupling and converter), it is essential to identify and relate the following terms used in describing various relationships and conditions. 4.5.1 Fluid drive efficiency (Figs 4.11 and 4.12) A very convenient method of expressing the energy losses, due mainly to fluid circulation within a fluid drive at some given output speed or speed ratio, is Fig. 4.11 Characteristic performance curves for a three element converted coupling...
The Thermal Conductivity Detector
The TCD has long been a standby in packed column chromatography. It is a simple device, well suited to routine analyses where it is not necessary to detect low concentrations of components. It has been in use since the beginning of GC and has proven to be a rugged and dependable detector, in part because of the relatively simple electrical requirements. It is often encountered in less expensive instruments, and is the commonly used detector for the analysis of fixed gases. Until the...
973 Eccentric Braced Frames
These combine the strength and stiffness of a concentric braced frame with the inelastic performance of a special moment-resisting frame (Fig. 9.9c). The UBC permits use of an R of 7 or 8.5 for an eccentric braced frame. This results in seismic design forces comparable to those required for special moment-resisting frames if the fundamental period of vibration is the same. However, braced frames are invariably stiffer than moment-resisting frames of similar geometry and have a shorter period....
Pot Type Transfer Moulding
Figure 6.5 Schematic showing four steps in the vacuum potting process. with matched molds (that is, with two mold halves closed after the reinforcing material has been impregnated with the liquid to produce a smooth uniform surface on both top and bottom of the part) and with conveyors, curing ovens, etc. Figure 6.6 Hand lay-up process for producing highly reinforced parts with fiber matting and polyester, epoxy, or other thermosetting liquid resin systems. Figure 6.6 Hand lay-up process for...
Flame Hardening
Flame hardening is a rapid, economical method for selectively hardening specific areas on the surface of a part. The process is applied only to flame-hardenable materials, principally carbon and alloy steels, certain stainless steels, and cast irons. Flame hardening is used to harden parts to depths of 1 64 -1 4 in. Flame hardening is any process that uses an oxy-fuel gas flame to heat carbon or alloy steel, tool steel, cast iron, or hardenable stainless steels above a certain critical...
How To Flame Cut With Mapp Gas
Quality cuts are readily obtained with MAPP gas. But quality cuts require a proper balance between preheat flame adjustment, oxygen pressure, coupling distance, torch angle, travel speed, plate quality, and tip size. Fortunately, this balance is easy to achieve with the following simple operating procedures MAPP gas is similar to acetylene and other fuel gases because it can be made to produce a carburizing, neutral, or oxidizing flame (Table 4-3). Flame cutting will most likely require...
Natural Gas Nonassociated and Associated Natural Gases
Natural gas is a naturally occurring mixture of light hydrocarbons accompanied by some non-hydrocarbon compounds. Non-associated natural gas is found in reservoirs containing no oil (dry wells). Associated gas, on the other hand, is present in contact with and or dissolved in crude oil and is coproduced with it. The principal component of most Composition of non-associated and associated natural gases1 Non-associated gas Associated gas Salt Lake Kliffside Abqaiq North Sea Component US US Saudi...
Crystallizer Configurations
For continuous crystallization processes several types of crystallizer have been developed, which are used for different applications. The most common types of crystallizers are listed here. Forced circulation crystallizer (see Figure 1A). The most widely used crystallizer. It is often treated as a well mixed crystallizer, although several studies have shown that large variations in supersaturation exist within the crystallizer volume. Therefore crystal growth is limited to a small part of the...
Regulatory Terminology Applied to Prime Mover Cycles
To establish federal regulations and Qualifying Facility QF cogeneration system efficiency standards, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission FERC defined cogeneration as the combined production of electric power and useful thermal energy by sequential use of energy from one source of fuel. As defined by FERC, a topping cycle first uses thermal energy to produce electricity, and then uses the remaining energy for thermal process. In a bottoming cycle, the process is reversed. Figures 1-7...
Classification of a Marine Vessels Control Systems
Control systems for marine vehicles are related to the type of the vehicle. Ships will have different control systems in use. Crude carriers, tankers, drilling ships, gas carriers, or many other types have some systems in common and some systems that differ because of specific features of each. For instance, systems related to the type of cargo will have different control systems for cargo handling and cargo monitoring, while other systems will be very similar such as navigation, guidance, or...
Shafting and propellers
The transmission system on a ship transmits power from the engine to the propeller. It is made up of shafts, bearings, and finally the propeller itself. The thrust from the propeller is transferred to the ship through the transmission system. The different items in the system include the thrust shaft, one or more intermediate shafts and the tailshaft. These shafts are supported by the thrust block, intermediate bearings and the sterntube bearing. A sealing arrangement is provided at either end...
Single Duct Systems
The majority of all-air HVAC systems employ a single network of supply air ducts which provide a continuous supply of either warmed or cooled air to the occupied areas of the building. Single Zone The single duct, single-zone system is the simplest of the all-air HVAC systems. It is one of the most energy-efficient systems as well as one of the least expensive to install. It uses a minimum of distribution energy,* since equipment is typically located within or immediately adjacent to the area...
Mode of Zone Displacement
In nearly all chromatographic systems, transport of solute zones occurs entirely in the mobile phase. Transport is an essential component of the chromato-graphic system since the most common arrangement for the experiment employs a sample inlet and a detector at opposite ends of the column, with sample introduction and detection occurring in the mobile phase GC, SFC, LC, MEKC . In planar chromato-graphic systems TLC, PC , sample introduction and detection is performed in the stationary phase,...
Semi Balanced Rudder
R 0.194 m and diameter of stock 0.388 m In pracdce it would be necessary to take into account the shear force and bending moment on the stock in checking that the strength was adequate. The bending moment and shear forces will depend upon the way the rudder is supported. If astern speeds are high enough the greatest torque can arise then as the rudder is less well balanced for movements astern. The rudder is the most common form of manoeuvring device fitted in ships. Its action in causing the...
341 The differential compound engine DCE
This concept, intended specifically for heavy vehicle applications constitutes an attempt to combine the thermodynamic advantages of compounding as described in section 3.3 with the characteristics of an integrated engine-transmission system of the continuously variable type5-7. Like most of the latter it employs a fully floating epicyclic gear train in which the engine is connected to the annulus or ring gear, while the sungear and planet carrier drive, respectively, the supercharging...
Loads And Stresses On Ribs And Frames
For aerodynamic reasons the wing contour in the chord direction must be maintained without appreciable distortion. Unless the wing skin Is quite thick, spanwise stringers must be attached to the skin in order to increase the bending efficiency of the wing. Therefore to hold the skin-stringer wing surface to contour shape and also to limit the length of stringers to an efficient column compressive strength, internal support or brace units are required. These structural units...
Compressibility
Compressibility of powders is generally expressed in terms of green density versus compaction pressure. Compressibility is also measured in terms of the compression ratio, which is the ratio of final pressed density to the apparent density of the powder. Typical compressibility data for various kinds of metal powders are given in Fig. 4 as a percentage of theoretical density to demonstrate the relative compressibility of various powders. Because compressibility is so important in the effective...
11101 Types of trays
The main requirement of a tray is that it should provide intimate mixing between the liquid and vapour streams, that it should be suitable for handling the desired rates of vapour and liquid without excessive entrainment or flooding, that it should be stable in operation, and that it should be reasonably easy to erect and maintain. In many cases, particularly with vacuum distillation, it is essential that the drop in pressure over the tray should be a minimum. The arrangements for the liquid...
35 The International Standard Atmosphere ISA
The ISA is an internationally agreed set of assumptions for conditions at mean sea level and the variations of atmosphere conditions with altitude. In the troposphere (up to 11 000 m), temperature varies with altitude at a standard lapse rate L, measured in K (or C) per metre. Above 11 000 m, it is assumed that temperature does not vary with height (Figure 3.1). where T temperature at an altitude h (m) T0 absolute temperature at mean sea level (K) L lapse rate in K m p pressure at an altitude...
Aerobic And Anaerobic Decomposition
Decomposition or biod gradation may take place in one of two distinctly different ways aerobic (using free oxygen) and anaerobic (in the absence of free oxygen). The basic equation for aerobic decomposition of complex organic compounds is The biological respiration or decomposition of glucose (the reverse of Eq. (4.1)) under aerobic conditions would result in the release of CO2, H2O, and energy that can be used for metabolism Carbon dioxide and water are always two of the end products of...
Maximum Continuous Rating Layout Diagram
The scales are logarithmic which means that, in this diagram, exponential curves like propeller curves (3rd power), constant mean effective pressure curves (1st power) and constant ship speed curves (0.15 to 0.30 power) are straight lines. The constant ship speed lines, shown at the uppermost part of the diagram, indicate the power required at various propeller speeds in order to keep the same ship speed, provided that, for each ship speed, the optimum propeller...
Pressure Drop in Packed Beds
The dry-bed pressure gradient is given by the following equation Figure 2 Packed tower illustration. (Photo courtesy of Sulzer Chemtech.) Figure 2 Packed tower illustration. (Photo courtesy of Sulzer Chemtech.) Figure 3 Random packings (A) IMTP . (Photo courtesy of Norton Chemical Process Products Corporation.) (B) Nutter Ring . (Photo courtesy of Sulzer Chemtech.) (C) Cascade Mini-Rings (CMR ) and Fleximax . (Courtesy of Koch-Glitsch Inc.) (D) Pall Rings metal and plastic. (Courtesy of...
171 Eurofighter Typhoon
After almost three decades of experience, the use of fly-by-wire for military aircraft is a very well established and standard practice. In terms of the state-of-the-art, the FCS for the Eurofighter Typhoon is at the leading edge of flight control technology and although only summarised here, is described in greater detail in Reference 17 . Figure 1.10 shows the Eurofighter Typhoon aircraft a canard-delta configuration which has been optimised to meet the operational requirements of the four...
115 Typical Characteristics of an Arson or Incendiary Fire
An arsonist has several problems to overcome in order to accomplish his goal. The ways in which an arsonist solves these problems are the same ways in which identification of an arson or incendiary fire is provided. The following is a short list of the more common characteristics of an incendiary fire. 1. Multiple origins of fire, especially several points of fire origin that are unconnected to each other. There are no fire pathways between the various points of origin to account for the...
Avalanche Multiplication Process
The most important physical process in an avalanche photodiode is the avalanche multiplication process that appears in the functional diagram of Fig. 9.1. In a semiconductor material, carriers traveling through the high electric field region (> 1 x 105 V cm) gain energy from the field and generate additional free electron-hole pairs by impact ionization of valence electrons into the conduction band, leaving free holes in the valence band. The secondary electrons can be accelerated by the...
532 Active Mode Locking
Active mode locking requires modulation of either the amplitude or the phase of the intracavity optical field at a frequency fm equal to (or a multiple of) the mode spacing A v. It is referred to as AM (amplitude modulation) or FM (frequency modulation) mode locking depending on whether amplitude or phase is modulated. One can understand the locking process as follows. Both the AM and FM techniques generate modulation sidebands, spaced apart by the modulation frequency fm. These sidebands...
The Theorem of Parallel Axes
The second moment of an area about an axis through the centroid is equal to the second moment about any other axis parallel to the first reduced by the product of the area and the square of the perpendicular distance between the two axes. Thus, in Figure 29.4, if G represents the centroid of the area (A) and the axis OZ is parallel to AB, then Iqz Iab _ Ay2 parallel axis theorem equation To find the second moment of a ship's waterplane area about the centre line. It has been shown in chapter 10...
Capillary Isoelectric Focusing
Righetti, University of Verona, Faculty of Sciences, Verona, Italy C. Gelfi, ITBA, CNR, Segrate, Milan, Italy Isoelectric focusing (IEF) possibly represents the elec-trokinetic method with the highest resolving power. In IEF, amphoteric compounds are sorted in order of their isoelectric points (pI) in a steady-state pH gradient. Good resolution is favoured by both a low diffusion coefRcient and a high mobility slope at the pI, conditions which are well satisfied by most proteins. A high...
Thick Walled Pressure Vessels
As discussed previously, the equations used for design of thin-walled vessels are inadequate for design or prediction of failure of thick-walled vessels where Rin t < 10. There are many types of vessels in the thick-walled vessel category as outlined in the following, but for purposes of discussion here only the monobloc type will be discussed. Design of thick-wall vessels or cylinders is beyond the scope of this book, but it is hoped that through the following discussion some insight will be...
The transmission electron microscope
In Chapter 2 most of the essential parts of a TE M were described. The illumination is provided by an electron gun while the lenses are all electromagnetic and work as described in section 2.4. The remaining necessary components are a viewing screen - usually a simple layer of electron-fluor scent material, viewed through a lead glass window and a camera, which must work in the vacuum within the microscope. These components are assembled into a vertical 'microscope column' of which a typical...
Finite wing theory
Whatever the operating requirements of an aeroplane may be in terms of speed endurance, pay-load and so on, a critical stage in its eventual operation is in the low-speed flight regime, and this must be accommodated in the overall design process. The fact that low-speed flight was the classic flight regime has meant that over the years a vast array of empirical data has been accumulated from flight and other tests, and a range of theories and hypotheses set up to explain and extend these...
2710 Basic principle of the Wilson gearbox
A Wilson type gearbox is illustrated in Fig. 27.8(a), and the functioning of its various secondary trains is shown in (b) to f). The primary epicyclic gear train is common to all the ratios. Its sun S1, Fig. 27.8(b), is driven by shaft D, which is coupled directly to the engine crankshaft, while its planet carrier C1 is coupled directly to the transmission line to the road wheels. In other words, these two elements are respectively the input and output regardless of ratio selected. The required...
Continuous Cyanide Destruction
Continuous flow-through systems have the advantage of reduced space requirements but require additional process equipment. In the system shown in Figure 7.42.4, the two reaction steps are separated. In the first step, the ORP controller setpoint is approximately + 300 mV. It controls the addition of chlorine to oxidize the cyanide into cyanate. The pH is maintained at approximately 10. The reaction time is approximately 5 min. Since the second step (oxidation of the cyanates) requires an...
92 Example 1 Suspension Polymerization Reactor
Suspension polymerization is an old and relatively simple process to produce polymers and copolymers for various applications. It is mainly used to produce specialty copolymers which have high value but low volume demand. Because of the operational problems associated with the transport of highly viscous droplets in suspension, continuous operation of suspension polymerization process is difficult polymerization is carried out in a stirred reactor operated in batch mode. Controlling the...
Setting an orthographic UCS
This allows the user to restore six preset UCS positions, the orientation being set relative to a saved UCS. Refer to Fig. 5.5 and 1 Ensure the 3DWFM is displayed with the saved UCSs 2 Restore UCS SLOPE1 current - fig(a) 3 Activate the UCS dialogue box with the Orthographic UCS tab active and prompt UCS dialogue box - Orthographic tab display 3. at Current UCS Name, pick TOP 4 With the Orthographic tab of the UCS dialogue box, set Bottom current relative to BASE - fig(c) 5 Menu bar with...
28 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface
When determining the resultant force on an area, the effect of atmospheric pressure often cancels. When a surface is submerged in a fluid, forces develop on the surface due to the fluid. The determination of these forces is important in the design of storage tanks, ships, dams, and other hydraulic structures. For fluids at rest we know that the force must be perpendicular to the surface since there are no shearing stresses present. We also know that the pressure will vary linearly with depth if...
KN Cross Curves of Stability
It has already been shown that the Stability Cross Curves for a ship are constructed by plotting the righting levers for an assumed height of the centre of gravity above the keel. In some cases the curves are constructed for an assumed KG of zero. The curves are then referred to as KN curves, KN being the righting lever measured from the keel. Figure 16.3(a) shows the KN curves for an imaginary ship called the M.V. 'Cargo-Carrier'. To obtain the righting levers for a particular displacement and...